Health and Safety in Emergency Management and Response

Foreword xiii Acronyms xvii 1 Safety in Emergencies and Disasters 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 9/11 Response 2 1.3 Deepwater Horizon 4 1.4 Emergency Responders 9 1.5 Toxicology: How Do We Know What Causes Cancer or Other Health Effects? 14 1.6 Principles of Injury and Illness Prevention 21 1.7 Safety Management in Incident Response 26 1.8 Safety Officer Qualifications 30 1.9 Summary 34 References 35 2 Applicability of Safety Regulations in Emergency Response 39 2.1 The Occupational Safety and Health Act 39 2.2 State Plan States and Territories 41 2.3 Tribes 44 2.4 Safety Requirements in Fire Departments 45 2.5 Safety Requirements in Law Enforcement 47 2.6 Additional Federal Safety Regulations 49 2.7 Safety Expectations in the National Preparedness Goal and Supporting Frameworks 49 2.8 OSHA, ESF #8, and the Worker Safety and Health Support Annex 51 2.9 Safety in State Emergency Management Plans 56 2.10 Liability in Incident Response 60 2.11 Multiemployer Worksites 60 2.12 Summary 62 References 63 3 Types of Emergencies and Disasters, and Related Hazards 65 3.1 The All-Hazards Approach 65 3.2 Hazardous Materials Release or Spill 65 3.3 Severe Weather 75 3.3.1 Extreme Heat 75 3.3.2 Extreme Cold 76 3.3.3 Winter Storms 77 3.3.4 Thunderstorms 78 3.3.5 Hailstorms 78 3.4 Tropical Storms, Hurricanes, and Windstorms 79 3.5 Tornados 83 3.6 Floods 84 3.7 Landslides 88 3.8 Earthquakes 90 3.9 Volcanic Eruption 96 3.10 Tsunami 98 3.11 Fire 99 3.11.1 Chemical Exposures in Firefighting 100 3.11.2 Additional Hazards to Firefighters 107 3.11.3 Wildland Fires 108 3.12 Transportation Incidents 109 3.12.1 Aircraft Incidents 109 3.12.2 Rail Incidents 111 3.13 Pandemic 113 3.14 Radiological Incident 116 3.15 Terrorism Attack: Chemical or Biological Release 118 3.16 Summary 120 References 120 4 Regulatory Requirements and Their Applicability in Emergency Response 127 4.1 Hazard Communication 128 4.2 Personal Protective Equipment 129 4.3 Respiratory Protection 132 4.3.1 Respirator Selection 133 4.3.2 Medical Qualification for Respirator Wearers 136 4.3.3 Respirator Fit Testing 137 4.3.4 Respirator Care and Maintenance 138 4.3.5 Substance Specific Requirements 139 4.4 Blood-borne Pathogens 139 4.5 Fall Protection 143 4.6 Excavations 144 4.7 Confined Space 146 4.8 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) 147 4.9 Noise exposures 148 4.10 Sanitation and Temporary Labor Camps 151 4.11 Operation of Heavy Equipment 154 4.12 General Duty Clause Citations 155 4.13 Heat 156 4.14 Traffic Control 160 4.15 Ergonomics 160 4.16 Fatigue 162 4.17 Food Safety 165 4.18 Summary 165 References 166 5 Safety Training for a Response 171 5.1 Respirators 172 5.2 PPE 173 5.3 Blood-borne Pathogens 174 5.4 Noise 176 5.5 Chemical Hazards (General) 177 5.6 Chemical-Specific Hazards 178 5.7 Asbestos 179 5.8 Lead 180 5.9 Silica 181 5.10 Hexavalent Chromium 181 5.11 Fall Protection 182 5.12 Material Handling Equipment 183 5.13 Heat Exposure 185 5.14 HAZWOPER 187 5.15 Fatigue 189 5.16 Distracted Driving 191 5.17 OSHA 10- and 30-Hour Training 191 5.18 OSHA Disaster Site Worker Outreach Training Program 193 5.19 Delivering Training 198 5.20 Learning Styles 199 5.21 Efficiency 200 5.22 Summary 201 References 201 6 Industrial Hygiene and Medical Monitoring 205 6.1 Exposure Evaluation and Respirator Selection 205 6.2 Respirator Medical Evaluation 206 6.3 Blood-borne Pathogens and Hepatitis B Vaccines 209 6.4 Medical Evaluations Following Needlestick Injuries and Other Blood-borne Pathogen Exposure Incidents 210 6.5 Hearing Tests and Audiograms 212 6.6 Lead 214 6.7 Silica 217 6.8 Asbestos 219 6.9 Hexavalent Chromium 220 6.10 Benzene 222 6.11 Cadmium 224 6.12 Other Substance-Specific Standards 227 6.13 First Aid and Emergency Medical Response 227 6.14 HAZWOPER 227 6.15 Diving 230 6.16 Ergonomics 232 6.17 Payment for Medical Exams 232 6.18 Logistics of Conducting Medical Surveillance 232 6.19 Recordkeeping 1910.1020 234 6.20 Summary 235 References 235 7 Psychological Hazards Related to Emergency Response 237 7.1 Neurophysiological Response to Fear and Stress 238 7.2 Acute Stress Disorder 239 7.3 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 240 7.4 Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 241 7.5 Cumulative Traumatic Stress Exposures 242 7.6 Risk Factors for Developing PTSD 244 7.7 Compassion Fatigue and Secondary Traumatic Stress 245 7.8 Coping Mechanisms 246 7.9 The Impact of Preexisting Conditions 247 7.10 Stress, Trauma, and Decision-Making 248 7.11 Substance Abuse 250 7.12 First Responder Suicides 251 7.13 Prevention: Mental Health Wellness 253 7.14 The Role of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) 255 7.15 Additional Treatment Options 258 7.16 Psychological First Aid 259 7.17 Mental Health First Aid 263 7.18 Responders in Their Own Community: Missing or Deceased Family Members 264 7.19 Stress Management Programs 265 7.20 Summary 266 References 266 8 Safety Officer Duties During an Incident Response 273 8.1 Initial Response and the Planning "P" 273 8.2 The Operations "O" 282 8.3 The Incident Action Plan (IAP) 282 8.4 Incident Objectives 285 8.5 Strategies 285 8.6 Tactics 288 8.7 Incident Safety Analysis 290 8.8 The Planning Meeting 300 8.9 Development of the Incident Action Plan (IAP) 301 8.10 ICS Form 208: Safety Message/Plan 309 8.11 Demobilization Planning 350 8.12 The Operations Briefing 351 8.13 New Operational Period Begins 352 8.14 Summary 355 References 356 9 Assistant Safety Officers, Technical Specialists, and Other Safety Support Roles 357 9.1 Assistant Safety Officer 358 9.2 Duties of Assistant Safety Officers 360 9.3 Technical Specialists 361 9.4 Industrial Hygienists 363 9.5 Toxicologist 365 9.6 Health Physicist 365 9.7 Safety Engineer 366 9.8 Competent Persons 367 9.9 Health and Safety Trainer 367 9.10 Respiratory Protection Program Administrator 367 9.11 Decontamination Specialist 369 9.12 Field Observer for Safety Officer 371 9.13 Occupational Medicine Specialist 371 9.14 Behavioral Health Specialist 372 9.15 Environmental Monitoring 373 9.16 Risk Assessor 374 9.17 Food Safety Specialist 375 9.18 Environmental Health/Sanitation Specialist 376 9.19 Safety Support for Temporary Support Facilities 376 9.20 Summary 377 References 377 10 Integrating Safety into Emergency Planning 379 10.1 The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 379 10.2 State Emergency Response Commissions (SERC) 380 10.3 Tribal Emergency Response Commissions (TERC) 381 10.4 Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) 381 10.5 Emergency Planning Under the National Response Framework 384 10.6 Community Emergency Response Teams 387 10.7 Emergency Planning Guidance from the United Nations 387 10.8 NFPA 1600 389 10.9 Regulated Industries 390 10.10 Process Safety Management-Emergency Response 390 10.11 HAZWOPER Emergency Planning Requirements 391 10.12 Airport Emergency Plans 392 10.13 Passenger Train Emergency Preparedness Plan (PTEPP) 395 10.14 Consolidation of Plans Written to Meet Differing Regulatory Requirements 399 10.15 Integrating Responder Safety Considerations into Emergency Plans 400 10.16 Participation as a Stakeholder to Incorporate Worker Safety into Emergency Plans 402 10.17 Summary 403 References 403 11 Safety in Drills and Exercises 405 11.1 Types of Exercises 406 11.2 Exercise Requirements for Airports 408 11.3 Exercise Requirements for Passenger Railroads 410 11.4 Exercising Emergency Plans Under OSHA's Process Safety Management Standard and HAZWOPER 412 11.5 Oil Response Plan Training, Drill, and Exercise Requirements 414 11.6 Other Industries 415 11.7 National Exercise Program 416 11.8 Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) 419 11.9 Moving Toward a Common Approach to Exercises 427 11.10 Exercise Safety Plan 428 11.11 Summary 429 References 430 12 Safety in Continuity of Operations 433 12.1 National Essential Functions 433 12.2 Critical Infrastructure 434 12.3 Importance of Continuity 435 12.4 Essential Functions in Organizations 437 12.5 Risk Mitigation 439 12.6 Continuity Plans and the Employees That Carry Them Out 441 12.7 Continuity Safety Plans 443 12.8 Reasonable Accommodations During Continuity Operations 445 12.9 Medical Support for Employees During Continuity Operations 446 12.10 Information Technology Disaster Recovery Plans 447 12.11 Safety Program Essential Records 447 12.12 Pandemic Planning 448 12.13 Training, Testing, and Exercising Continuity of Operations Plans 452 12.14 Reconstitution and the New Normal 453 12.15 Summary 454 References 454 Index 457